We propose that retinoid signaling plays a conserved role in molluscan male development, and that shifts in the timing of retinoid signaling may have been important for the origins of sequential hermaphroditism within molluscs. Species-specific influence of conspecific induction of sexual transitions correlates with responsiveness to retinoids. Further, we show that retinoids induce ectopic male development in multiple Crepidula species. We asked real men to share photos of their penises, in artful black and white (it was an exhibition after all), with all shapes and sizes welcomed, in the understanding that this was about giving people chance to see lots of different ways penises can be, and why societal expectations are misleading and often harmful. Our findings therefore show that retinoid signaling can initiate molluscan male genital development, and regulate penis length. The snail has both penis and vagina, and can produce arm-like darts, used to inflict pain on its.
The best things for your nails are the following: water, vitamins d & e, biotin, sunshine, yes lots of sunshine, and cleanliness. Snail: Directed by Isabella Rossellini, Jody Shapiro. Transcripts of both receptors are expressed in the induced penis. Snail slime is nothing more than thick mucus basically. Combining RXR antagonists with retinoid agonists significantly reduces penis length in induced juveniles, while similar treatments using retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonists increase penis length. We show that retinoid agonists induce precocious penis growth in juveniles and superimposition of male development in females. We therefore tested the role of retinoic acid signaling in sequentially hermaphroditic Crepidula snails, which develop first into males, then change sex, maturing into females. In molluscs with separate sexes, endocrine disrupting toxins bind the retinoid X receptor (RXR), activating ectopic male development in females, suggesting the retinoid pathway as a candidate controlling sexual transitions in sequential hermaphrodites. Despite this, molecular mechanisms of sexual development are poorly known.
In molluscs, repeated shifts between ancestrally separate sexes and hermaphroditism are generally found at the level of family and above, suggesting recruitment of deeply conserved mechanisms.
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